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Offa
One of the most powerful kings in Anglo-Saxon England. He became king of Mercia (757-96) after seizing power during a civil war. He extended his rule over most of S England and married his daughters to the rulers of Wessex and Northumbria. Eager to form European diplomatic ties, Offa signed a commercial treaty with Charlemagne (796) and allowed the pope to increase his control over the English church. He built Offa's Dyke to divide Mercia from Welsh lands.
Oudh
Former province of British India. Now the NE portion of Uttar Pradesh state, it received its name from Ajodhya, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Kosala, which was nearly coextensive with modern Oudh. It was taken by Muslim invaders in the 12th cent., became part of the Mughal empire in the 16th cent., and was annexed by the British in 1856. In 1877 it was joined with Agra to form the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. After India's independence in 1947 it became part of Uttar Pradesh.
Aflaq
Syrian social and political leader. While studying at the Univ. of Paris (1929-34) he came to believe that the Arab nationalist struggle had to oppose both the native elite and foreign rulers. Hoping to unite all the Arab states into a single socialist nation through nonviolence, he es-tablished the Baath Party in 1946 and served as its teacher, theorist, and organizer. He persuaded the Syrian government to form the United Arab Republic with Egypt in 1958, from which Syria withdrew in 1961. His career in Syrian politics ended in 1966 when he moved to Lebanon. See also Pan-Arabism.
Aidan
Apostle of Northumbria and founder of Lindisfarne. He was a monk at Iona in Scotland when King Oswald of Northumbria requested that he be made bishop of the newly converted Northumbrians. He established his church, see, and monastery on the island of Lindisfarne, not far from the royal stronghold of Bamburgh. From there he evangelized N England, founding churches, monasteries, and a school. Bede praised him for his learning, charity, and simplicity of life.
AIDS
Fatal transmissible disorder caused by HIV. AIDS, the last stage of HIV infection, is defined by the appearance of potentially lethal opportunistic infections. The first AIDS cases were identified in 1981, HIV was isolated in 1983, and blood tests were developed by 1985. In 2000, more than 35 million people worldwide were living with HIV, and over 15 million had died of AIDS. In the U.S., some 2 million people had been infected with HIV, 800,000 had been diagnosed with AIDS, and 450,000 had died. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the focus of infection, but the number of cases in S. and S.E. Asia and elsewhere continues to mount at an alarming rate as well. An initial acute illness usually resolves within weeks. Infected persons then generally have few or no symptoms for about 10 years. As the immune system deteriorates, they develop diseases such as Pneumocystis ...
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