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Albania
Nation, W Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula. Area: 11,000 sq mi (28,700 sq km). Population (1992 est.): 3,400,000. Capital: Tiranë . Ethnic Albanians are the Ghegs and the Tosks. Language: Albanian (official). Religions: Islam; minority, Christianity (Greek Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism). Currency: lek. Albania may be divided into two major regions, a mountainous highland region and a W coastal lowland region that contains the country's agricultural lands and most of its population. It has a developing economy that until 1991 was shaped by a socialist system of state ownership. In 1992 the government introduced economic reforms encouraging a free-market economy. The Albanians are descended from the Illyrians, an ancient Indo-European people who lived in central Europe and migrated south by the beginning of the Iron Age (see Illyria). Of the two major Illyrian migrating groups, the Ghegs settled in the north and the Tosks in the south, along with Greek colonizers. The area was under Roman rule by the 1st cent. BC; after AD 395 it was connected administratively to Constantinople. Turkish invasion began in the 14th cent. and continued into the 15th cent.; though the national hero, Skanderbeg, was able to resist them for a time, after his death (1468) the Turks consolidated their rule. The country achieved independence in 1912 and was admitted into the League of Nations in 1920. It was briefly a republic (1925-28), then became a monarchy under Zog I, whose initial alliance with B. Mussolini led to Italy's invasion of Albania in 1939. After the war a socialist government under E. Hoxha was installed, and gradually Albania cut itself off from the nonsocialist international community, and eventually from all nations, incl. China, its last political ally. By 1990 economic hardship had produced antigovernment demonstrations, and in 1992 a non-Communist government was elected and Albania's international isolation ended. In 1997 it plunged into chaos, brought on with the collapse of pyramid investment schemes. In 1999 it was overwhelmed by ethnic Albanians seeking refuge from Yugoslavia (see Kosovo conflict).


Laban
Hungarian modern-dance teacher, inventor of the Labanotation system of dance notation. After studying dance in Paris, he opened his Choreographic Institute in Zurich in 1915 and later founded branches in Italy, France, and central Europe. He worked in Germany 1919-37, and was ballet director of the Berlin State Opera 1930-34. In 1928 he published his method for recording all forms of human motion, which enabled choreographers to record the dancer's steps and other body movements, incl. their rhythm. In 1938 he joined his former pupil K. Jooss teaching dance in England, where he later formed the Art of Movement Studio. His system was further developed and maintained at centers in Essen (Germany) and New York.

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