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Buridan
French philosopher, logician, and scientific theorist. He studied under William of Ockham at the Univ. of Paris and later taught there. He asserted a modified version of determinism. Among his achievements in mechanics was his revision of Aristotle's theory of motion; he developed a theory of impetus by which the mover imparts to the moved a power, proportional to the former's speed and mass, which keeps it moving. His studies of optical images prefigured modern developments in cinematics. In logic he explicated doctrines of Aristotle and Peter of Spain (c.1210-1277). His works include Summula de dialecta (1487) and Consequentie (1493).
Juneau
City (pop., 1995 est.: 30,000), capital of Alaska. Located in SE Alaska, it was settled in 1880 when Joe Juneau and Richard Harris discovered gold nearby. Mining was important until the Alaska-Juneau gold mine closed in 1944. Juneau was made the state capital in 1959. Fishing, forestry, and government activities are important, as is tourism. In 1970 Juneau merged with Douglas, on an island across the channel, to form the largest U.S. city in area (3,108 sq mi, or 8,050 sq km).
Jura
Mountain range, central Europe. It extends 143 mi (230 km) along the boundary of France and Switzerland. Its highest peak is Mt. Neige, 5,652 ft (1,723 m) high, located in France. Its W slopes are the source of the Doubs and Ain rivers in France.
jury
In law, a body of individuals selected and sworn to inquire into a question of fact and to render a verdict according to the evidence. Modern juries may deal with questions of law in addition to questions of fact, though federal juries in the U.S. are usually limited to dealing with questions of fact. The modern jury can vary in size depending on the proceeding, but usually has either six or 12 members. By U.S. law, federal grand and petit juries must be "selected at random from a fair cross-section of the community in the district or division wherein the court convenes." State jury selection varies somewhat. The U.S. Supreme Court has stated in a series of decisions that a jury is to be composed of "peers and equals" and that systematic exclusion from a jury of a particular class (e.g., on the basis of sex, race, or ancestry) violates the equal-protection clause and the defendant's right to a jury trial. A defendant is not, however, entitled to a jury of any particular composition. See also voir dire.
jute
Either of two herbaceous annuals (Corchorus capsularis and C. olitorius) in the linden family, or their fiber. The plants grow 10-12 ft (3-4 m) high and have long, serrated, tapered, light-green leaves and small yellow flowers. Jute has been grown and processed in the Bengal area of India (and of present-day Bangladesh) since ancient times. Its biggest use is in burlap sacks and bags, which are used to ship and store many agricultural products. High-quality jute cloths are used ...
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