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mumps
Acute contagious viral disease with inflammatory swelling of the salivary glands. Epidemics often occur, mostly among 5- to 15-year-olds. Cold symptoms with low fever are followed by swelling and stiffening in front of the ear, often on both sides. This rapidly spreads toward the neck and under the jaw. Pain is seldom severe, with little redness, but chewing and swallowing are difficult. During recovery in patients past puberty, other glands may be affected, but usually not seriously. The testes may atrophy, but sterility is very rare. While inflammation of the brain and meninges is fairly common, chances of recovery are good. Mumps needs no special treatment, and patients usually develop immunity. Vaccination can prevent it.
Dumas
French playwright and novelist. His first success was as a writer of melodramatic plays, incl. Napol\u00e9 on Bonaparte (1831) and Antony (1831). His immensely popular novels, set in colorful historical backgrounds, include The Three Musketeers (1844), a romance about four swashbuckling heroes in the age of Cardinal Richelieu, and its sequel Twenty Years After (1845); The Count of Monte Cristo (1844-45); and The Black Tulip (1850). His illegitimate son Alexandre Dumas (1824-1895), called Dumas fils, is best known for his play La Dame aux Cam\u00e9 lias (1848), the basis of G. Verdi's opera La Traviata and later of several films titled Camille.
humus
Nonliving, finely divided organic matter in soil, derived from microbial decomposition of plant and animal substances. Ranging in color from brown to black, it consists primarily of carbon but also contains nitrogen and smaller amounts of phosphorus and sulfur. As it decomposes, its components are changed into forms usable by plants. Humus is classified according to how well it is incorporated into the mineral soil, the types of organisms involved in its decomposition, and the vegetation from which it is derived. It is valued by farmers and gardeners because it provides nutrients essential for plant growth, increases the soil's water absorption, and improves soil workability.
-->James I
King of Scotland, as James VI (1567-1625), and first Stuart king of England (1603-25). Son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Lord Darnley, at age 1 James succeeded his mother to the Scottish throne. Controlled by a succession of regents, he became the puppet of contending intriguers--both Roman Catholics, who sought to bring his mother back to the throne, and Protestants. In 1583 he began to pursue his own policies as king, allying himself with England. He succeeded to the English throne on the death of Elizabeth I, as great-great-grandson of Henry VII. He quickly achieved peace and prosperity by ending England's war with Spain (1604). He presided over the Hampton Court Conference (1604), rejecting most of the Puritans' demands for reform of the Church of England but permitting preparation of a new translation of the Bible, the ...
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