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Jespersen
Danish linguist. He led a movement for basing foreign-language teaching on conversational speech rather than textbook study of grammar and vocabulary, helping to revolutionize language teaching in Europe. An authority on English grammar, Jespersen contributed greatly to the advancement of phonetics and linguistic theory. His many published works include Modern English Grammar (7 vols., 1909-49), Language: Its Nature, Development, and Origin (1922), and The Philosophy of Grammar (1924). He originated Novial, an international language.
Estes
U.S. psychologist. Born in In the 1940s he worked with B. F. Skinner on instrumental learning, and in 1950 he introduced stimulus sampling theory (SST), a model for describing learning mathematically. His later work has focused on "cognitive architectures." His works include Learning Theory and Mental Development (1970), Statistical Models in Behavioral Research (1991), and Classification and Cognition (1994). He has taught at Stanford, Rockefeller, and Harvard universities. In 1997 he received the National Medal of Science.
Jaspers
German-Swiss philosopher and psychiatrist. As a research psychiatrist, he helped establish psychopathology on a rigorous, scientifically descriptive basis, especially in his General Psychopathology (1913). He taught philosophy at the Univ. of Heidelberg from 1921 until 1937, when the Nazi regime forbade him to work. From 1948 he lived in Switzerland, teaching at the Univ. of Basel. In his magnum opus, Philosophy (3 vols., 1969), he expounds his view that the aim of philosophy is practical; its purpose is the fulfillment of human existence (Existenz). For Jaspers, philosophical illumination is achieved in the experience of limit situations that define the human condition--conflict, guilt, suffering, and death--and that in mankind's confrontation with these extremes it achieves its existential humanity. One of the most important existentialists, he approached the subject from mankind's direct concern with his own existence.
Reuters
British cooperative news agency. Founded in 1851 by P. J. Reuter, it was initially concerned with commercial news but began to serve a growing newspaper clientele after the London Morning Advertiser subscribed in 1858. After a period of competition, Reuters and two rival agencies agreed on a division of territory and for many years held a virtual monopoly on world press services. The company remained in private hands until 1925, when its structure began moving toward a cooperative of British and Australasian press interests. As a cooperative, it draws on an extensive range of resources and, directly or through national news agencies, provides services in most countries.
testes
Male reproductive organs (see reproductive system). Humans have two oval-shaped testes 1.5-2 in. (4-5 cm) long that produce sperm and androgens (mainly testosterone), contained in ...
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