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Gypsies
People originating in N India but now living worldwide, principally in Europe. Most speak Romany in addition to the local language. It is thought that Gypsy groups left India in repeated migrations, reaching Western Europe by the 15th cent. In the 20th cent. they spread to N. and S. America and Australia. Population estimates today run from 2 to 3 million. How many Gypsies remain nomadic is unclear, but those that migrate do so at least seasonally along patterned routes that ignore national boundaries. They have often been persecuted and harassed; the Nazis killed about 400,000 Gypsies in extermination camps. They pursue occupations compatible with a nomadic life. In the past they were often livestock traders, tinkers, fortune-tellers, and entertainers; today they are often car mechanics, auto-body repairmen, and workers in traveling circuses and amusement parks. Bands of 10-100 families elect chieftains for life, but their title is not heritable. Women are organized as a group within the band and represented by a senior woman. Modern Gypsy culture faces erosion from urban influences; integrated housing, economic independence, and intermarriage with non-Gypsies have weakened Gypsy law.
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