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Baden
Former German state, S Germany. The name (meaning "baths") refers to the warm mineral springs, particularly in the town of Baden-Baden (pop., 1989: 51,000), valued since Roman times. Baden first became a political unit when Frederick, son of the margrave of Verona, took the title of Margrave of Baden in 1112. Subsequently split up many times, the territory was finally reunited under Margrave Charles Frederick in 1771. A center of 19th-cent. liberalism, it was active in the revolutions of 1848-50. It joined the German empire in 1871, and it became part of the Weimar Republic in 1919. The S part became a state of W. Germany in 1949, while the N part was incorporated into the W. German state of W\u00fc rttemberg-Baden. Following a referendum, the two states merged to form Baden-W\u00fc rttemberg in 1952.
Bergen
City (metro area pop., 1997: 224,000), SW Norway. It is Norway's largest city and most important port. Founded in 1070 by King Olaf III, it was Norway's capital in the 12th-13th cent. In the 14th cent., German Hanseatic League merchants acquired control over its trade; their influence in a weakened Norway lasted into the 16th cent. Repeatedly destroyed by fire (most notably in 1702 and 1916), Bergen has been resurrected each time. Its economy is based largely on fishing and shipbuilding. It was the birthplace of E. Grieg and the violinist O. Bull.
Bordeaux
City (pop., 1990: 213,000), SW France. Lying on the Garonne River above its junction with the Dordogne, Bordeaux has long been noted for its wine production. As Burdigala, it was the chief town of the Bituriges Vivisci, a Celtic people. Under Roman rule it was capital of Aquitania Secunda. As part of the inheritance of Eleanor of Aquitaine, Bordeaux became English in 1154 on her husband's accession to the English throne as Henry II. It enjoyed great prosperity through a thriving trade with the English until it was united to France on the English defeat in the Hundred Years War (1453). As a Girondin center, it suffered severely in the French Revolution. In 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, the French government was transferred to Bordeaux, as it was again in 1914 at the outbreak of World War I. Its university, founded in 1441, educated such figures as Montesquieu.
Bordet
Belgian bacteriologist and immunologist. In 1895 he found that two blood serum components cause bacteriolysis (bacterial cell-wall rupture), one a heat-stable antibody in animals immune to the bacterium and the other a heat-sensitive complement in all animals. In 1898 he discovered hemolysis (rupture of foreign erythrocytes), a similar process that also requires complement. This research was vital to the foundation of serology, the study of immune reactions in body fluids. His work with Octave Gengou led to serological tests for many diseases, incl. typhoid, tuberculosis, and syphilis (the Wassermann test). In 1906 they discovered ...
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