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AARP
Nonprofit, nonpartisan organization that addresses the needs and interests of Americans aged 50 and older. It was founded in 1958 by a retired teacher, Ethel Andrus, and merged in 1982 with the National Retired Teachers Assn., also founded by Andrus (1947). Its bimonthly magazine, Modern Maturity, has the largest circulation of any U.S. periodical. Its membership of more than 30 million and its members' reliably high voting turnout have made it one of the most powerful lobbying groups in the U.S.


Adapa
Legendary sage of the Sumerian city of Eridu. Endowed with great intelligence by Ea but still mortal, he was the hero of the Sumerian myth of the Fall of Man. Adapa was fishing when he was blown into the sea by the S wind, whose wings he broke in rage. The heavenly doorkeepers Tammuz and Ningishzida interceded for him when he was summoned before Anu for punishment, but when Anu offered him the bread and water of eternal life, he refused, and humankind thus became mortal.


Advent
In the Christian calendar, the first season of the church year, a period of preparation for the birth of Jesus. Advent begins on the Sunday nearest to November 30 and continues until Christmas. Viewed as a penitential season, it is also considered a time of preparation for the Second Coming of Christ. The origin of Advent is unknown, but it was observed as early as the 6th cent. In many countries it is celebrated with popular customs such as the lighting of Advent candles.


agape
In the New Testament, the fatherly love of God for humans and their reciprocal love for God. The term extends to the love of one's fellow humans. The Church Fathers used the Greek term to designate both a rite using bread and wine and a meal of fellowship that included the poor. The historical relationship between this meal, the Lord's Supper, and the Eucharist, the meal of fellowship and the sacrament, is uncertain.


Aleppo
City (pop., 1994 est.: 1,591,000), NW Syria. Syria's second-largest city, it is about 30 mi (48 km) from the Turkish border. Lying at the crossroads of great commercial routes, it has long been inhabited, and is first mentioned at the end of the 3rd millennium BC. It subsequently came under the control of many kingdoms, incl. the Hittites (17th-14th cent. BC). Controlled by the Persians in the 6th-4th cent. BC, it later fell to the Seleucids, who renamed it Beroea. Absorbed into the Roman empire in the 1st cent. BC, it prospered for several centuries. In AD 637 it was conquered by the Arabs, under whom it reverted to its old name, Halab. The city successfully defended itself from the Crusaders (1124), fell to the Mongols (1260), and finally was incorporated into the Ottoman empire (1516). Modern Aleppo is an industrial and intellectual center rivaling Damascus.


anvil
Iron block on which metal is placed for shaping, originally by hand with a hammer. The ...

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