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Almagest
Astronomical and mathematical encyclopedia compiled c.AD 140 by Ptolemy. It served as the basic guide for Arab and European astronomers until the 17th cent. The name derives from the Arabic for "the greatest." Its 13 books cover such topics as the geocentric (earth-centered), or Ptolemaic, plan of the solar system; eclipses; the coordinates and sizes of certain fixed stars; and the distances to the sun and the moon.
Almagro
Spanish soldier who played a leading role in the Spanish conquest of Peru. Following service in the Spanish navy, he arrived in S. America in 1524 and, with F. Pizarro, led the expedition that conquered the Inca empire in what is now Peru. Bitter enmity arose between the two men, and Almagro imprisoned Pizarro's two brothers for insubordination during an Indian rebellion. Pizarro then defeated Almagro's army and had his former friend put to death.
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